Potential Health Risks and the Research–Regulatory Landscape of Genetically Modified Food in ASEAN

Advances in agricultural biotechnology have accelerated the development and diffusion of genetically modified food (GMF) globally, including in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). GMF has been promoted for its potential to enhance food security through improved yields, resilience to pests and climate stress, and nutritional enhancement. At the same time, it continues to raise public and policy concerns related to possible long-term health effects, environmental risks, and socio-economic implications.

This Policy Brief reviews the current research and regulatory landscape of GMF in ASEAN to establish a regional baseline that can inform future policymaking. It finds that ASEAN Member States have made notable progress in developing regulatory frameworks governing GMF safety assessment, importation, monitoring, and labelling, often aligned with international standards. However, scientific evidence generated within the region – particularly research focused on health outcomes – remains limited and unevenly distributed.

The analysis highlights a growing imbalance between regulatory advancement and domestic scientific capacity, which may undermine public confidence and constrain effective risk communication. The Brief argues that ASEAN would benefit from consolidating baseline data on research and regulatory readiness, strengthening cross-sectoral coordination, and embedding GMF governance within a One Health framework that integrates human, animal, and environmental health consideration.