Criticality of Critical Minerals for India's Quest for Net Zero Goals: An Analysis of Supply Chain Risks

India’s energy transition and net zero ambitions are expected to generate substantial demand for critical minerals, particularly to support its target of 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030. However, India continues to face major challenges in domestic sourcing, processing, and refining, while external procurement is increasingly shaped by geopolitical dynamics. This paper analyses the policies and regulations governing critical minerals in India and assesses key supply chain-related risks within the policy landscape. The findings show that India’s approach combines domestic production measures with international partnerships, while resource concentration and geopolitical risks remain key challenges to achieving resilient and secure critical mineral supply chains.